Menurut Dr. Goris Keraf (1979), hampir semua tata bahasa sekarang mendasarkan pembagian jenis kata menurut Aristoteles. Sebenarnya Aristoteles sendiri tidak membagi kata-kata menjadi 10 jenis kata. Ia hanya meletakkan sistematikanya. Pembagian jenis kata mula-mula terdiri dari 8 jenis kata. Ketika orang-orang Eropa lainnya berusaha menyusun tata bahasa dalam bahasa mereka, mereka menambahkan jenis kata baru sesuai bahasa mereka yaitu kata sandang, dan kata seru (interjection).
1. Noun (Kata Benda)
Kata benda atau noun didefinisikan sebagai nama dari seseorang, tempat, atau semua benda dan segala yang dibendakan. Pembagian kata benda menurut bagaimana menghitungnya (how to count it) :
a. Count noun / Countable noun
b. Noncount noun / Mass noun / Uncountable noun
Countable noun memiliki bentuk singular dan plural, mereka digunakan bersama dengan singular atau plural verb. Uncountable noun hanya memiliki satu bentuk, mereka digunakan bersama dengan singular verb.
Countable noun adalah individu, tempat, atau benda yang bisa dilihat dan dihitung. Ada beberapa kategori countable noun, diantaranya adalah:
1). name of persons, their relationships, and their occupations
examples: one boy, one friend, one student, two boys, two friends, two students
2). names of animals, plants, insects
examples: one dog, one flower, one bee, two dogs, two flowers, two bees
3). names of things with a definite, individual shape
examples: one car, one house, one room, two cars, two houses, two rooms
4). units of measurement
examples: one inch, one pound, one degree, two inches, two pounds, two degrees
5). units of classification in society
examples: one family, one country, one language, two families, two countries,two languages
6). containers of nouncount solids,liquids, pastes, and gases
examples: one bottle, one jar, one tube, two bottles, two jars, two tubes
7). a limited number of abstract concepts
examples: one idea, one invention, one plan, two ideas, two inventions,
two plans
Uncountable noun hanya memiliki satu bentuk. Mereka digunakan bersama
dengan singular verb. Beberapa kategori uncountable noun adalah:
1). food staples that can be purchased in various forms
examples: bread, meat, butter
2). construction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made
examples: wood, iron, grass
3). liquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the countainer
examples: oil, tea, milk
4). natural substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws
examples: steam, water, ice, smoke, ashes, oxygen
5). substances with many small parts
examples: rice, sand, sugar
6). groups of things that have different sizes and shapes
examples: clothing (a coat, a shirt, a sock), furniture (a table, a chair, a bed), luggage (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)
7). languages
examples: Arabic, Japanese, Spanish
8). abstract concepts, often with ending ・ness, - ance, - ence, -ity
examples: beauty, ignorance, peace
9). most + ing form
examples: learning, shopping, working
2. Verb (kata kerja)
Verb adalah kata atau frasa yang menyatakan keberadaan, perbuatan, atau pengalaman. Verb dikategorikan menjadi main verb dan auxiliary verb. Dalam beberapa buku grammar, auxiliary verb disebut helping verb karena digunakan dengan main verb, modal dan to be termasuk dalam auxiliary verb.
Setiap verb dalam bahasa Inggris dapat diformulasikan sebagai berikut:
VERB = tense + (modal) + (have + participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word
(Modal) = can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
(Be)= is, am, are
Bila suatu verb menghendaki adanya suatu obyek/pelengkap disebut transitive verb, misalnya: /build, cut, find, rise, sleep, stay, walk, etc. Sebaliknya bila verb tersebut tidak memerlukan suatu obyek/pelengkap disebut intransitive verb, misalnya agree, arrive, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain, rise, sleep, stay, walk.
3. Adjective (kata sifat)
Adjective atau frasa adjective mendeskripsikan noun. Mereka digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan quantity (number or amount), sufficiency (number or amount needed), consecutive order (order insequence), quality (appearance), dan emphasis (important or force).
ex: intelligent, lazy, young, old, rich, poor, beautiful, brown, modern, etc
Kebanyakan adjective dan frasa adjective memiliki satu bentuk saja. Mereka tidak berubah bentuk ketika bertemu dengan noun.
4. Pronoun (kata ganti)
Pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan noun. Noun yang digantikan disebut antecedent. Ada beberapa macam pronoun yaitu:
1. subject pronoun
examples : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
2. object pronoun
examples : me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them
3. possessive pronoun
examples: my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their
4. relative pronoun
examples: who, which, whom
5. reflexive pronoun
examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
6. reciprocal pronoun
example: each other.
5. Adverb (Kata Keterangan)
Adverb dan frasa adverb menambah informasi pada verb, adjective, atau kalimat. Mereka memberikan keterangan tentang manner (how something is done), frequency ( how often), time and date (when), duration of time ( how long).
examples: tomorrow, today, yesterday, soon, always, usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never, not ever, already, finally, just, probably. Quickly, etc.
6. Numeralia (Kata Bilangan)
Adalah kata yang menyatakan jumlah benda atau jumlah kumpulan atau urutan tempat dari nama-nama benda. Examples: ordinal numbers ( first, second, third, fourth, etc ), cardinal numbers ( one, two, three, four, etc ).
7. Conjunction (kata sambung)
Conjunction adalah kata yang menghubungkan kata-kata, bagian-bagian kalimat atau menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat. Examples: and, or, but, etc.
8. Preposition (kata Depan)
Preposition kata yang merangkaikan kata-kata atau bagian kalimat. Preposisi biasanya diikuti oleh noun dan pronoun.
Examples: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, over, since, through, throughout, till, to, under, until, up, upon, with, within, without, etc.
9. Determiner (Kata Sandang)
Determiner tidak mempunyai arti akan tetapi mendeskripsikan noun examples: a, an, the.
10. Interjection (Kata Seru)
Interjeksi mengungkapkan semua perasaan dan maksud seseorang, maka kata seru sebenarnya bukanlah kata tetapi semacam kalimat.
1. Noun (Kata Benda)
Kata benda atau noun didefinisikan sebagai nama dari seseorang, tempat, atau semua benda dan segala yang dibendakan. Pembagian kata benda menurut bagaimana menghitungnya (how to count it) :
a. Count noun / Countable noun
b. Noncount noun / Mass noun / Uncountable noun
Countable noun memiliki bentuk singular dan plural, mereka digunakan bersama dengan singular atau plural verb. Uncountable noun hanya memiliki satu bentuk, mereka digunakan bersama dengan singular verb.
Countable noun adalah individu, tempat, atau benda yang bisa dilihat dan dihitung. Ada beberapa kategori countable noun, diantaranya adalah:
1). name of persons, their relationships, and their occupations
examples: one boy, one friend, one student, two boys, two friends, two students
2). names of animals, plants, insects
examples: one dog, one flower, one bee, two dogs, two flowers, two bees
3). names of things with a definite, individual shape
examples: one car, one house, one room, two cars, two houses, two rooms
4). units of measurement
examples: one inch, one pound, one degree, two inches, two pounds, two degrees
5). units of classification in society
examples: one family, one country, one language, two families, two countries,two languages
6). containers of nouncount solids,liquids, pastes, and gases
examples: one bottle, one jar, one tube, two bottles, two jars, two tubes
7). a limited number of abstract concepts
examples: one idea, one invention, one plan, two ideas, two inventions,
two plans
Uncountable noun hanya memiliki satu bentuk. Mereka digunakan bersama
dengan singular verb. Beberapa kategori uncountable noun adalah:
1). food staples that can be purchased in various forms
examples: bread, meat, butter
2). construction materials that can change shape, depending on what is made
examples: wood, iron, grass
3). liquids that can change shape, depending on the shape of the countainer
examples: oil, tea, milk
4). natural substances that can change shape, depending on natural laws
examples: steam, water, ice, smoke, ashes, oxygen
5). substances with many small parts
examples: rice, sand, sugar
6). groups of things that have different sizes and shapes
examples: clothing (a coat, a shirt, a sock), furniture (a table, a chair, a bed), luggage (a suitcase, a trunk, a box)
7). languages
examples: Arabic, Japanese, Spanish
8). abstract concepts, often with ending ・ness, - ance, - ence, -ity
examples: beauty, ignorance, peace
9). most + ing form
examples: learning, shopping, working
2. Verb (kata kerja)
Verb adalah kata atau frasa yang menyatakan keberadaan, perbuatan, atau pengalaman. Verb dikategorikan menjadi main verb dan auxiliary verb. Dalam beberapa buku grammar, auxiliary verb disebut helping verb karena digunakan dengan main verb, modal dan to be termasuk dalam auxiliary verb.
Setiap verb dalam bahasa Inggris dapat diformulasikan sebagai berikut:
VERB = tense + (modal) + (have + participle) + (be + -ing) + verb word
(Modal) = can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would
(Be)= is, am, are
Bila suatu verb menghendaki adanya suatu obyek/pelengkap disebut transitive verb, misalnya: /build, cut, find, rise, sleep, stay, walk, etc. Sebaliknya bila verb tersebut tidak memerlukan suatu obyek/pelengkap disebut intransitive verb, misalnya agree, arrive, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain, rise, sleep, stay, walk.
3. Adjective (kata sifat)
Adjective atau frasa adjective mendeskripsikan noun. Mereka digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan quantity (number or amount), sufficiency (number or amount needed), consecutive order (order insequence), quality (appearance), dan emphasis (important or force).
ex: intelligent, lazy, young, old, rich, poor, beautiful, brown, modern, etc
Kebanyakan adjective dan frasa adjective memiliki satu bentuk saja. Mereka tidak berubah bentuk ketika bertemu dengan noun.
4. Pronoun (kata ganti)
Pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan noun. Noun yang digantikan disebut antecedent. Ada beberapa macam pronoun yaitu:
1. subject pronoun
examples : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
2. object pronoun
examples : me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them
3. possessive pronoun
examples: my, your, her, his, its, our, your, their
4. relative pronoun
examples: who, which, whom
5. reflexive pronoun
examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
6. reciprocal pronoun
example: each other.
5. Adverb (Kata Keterangan)
Adverb dan frasa adverb menambah informasi pada verb, adjective, atau kalimat. Mereka memberikan keterangan tentang manner (how something is done), frequency ( how often), time and date (when), duration of time ( how long).
examples: tomorrow, today, yesterday, soon, always, usually, often, frequently, generally, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never, not ever, already, finally, just, probably. Quickly, etc.
6. Numeralia (Kata Bilangan)
Adalah kata yang menyatakan jumlah benda atau jumlah kumpulan atau urutan tempat dari nama-nama benda. Examples: ordinal numbers ( first, second, third, fourth, etc ), cardinal numbers ( one, two, three, four, etc ).
7. Conjunction (kata sambung)
Conjunction adalah kata yang menghubungkan kata-kata, bagian-bagian kalimat atau menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat. Examples: and, or, but, etc.
8. Preposition (kata Depan)
Preposition kata yang merangkaikan kata-kata atau bagian kalimat. Preposisi biasanya diikuti oleh noun dan pronoun.
Examples: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during, for, from, in, into, like, near, of, off, on, out, over, since, through, throughout, till, to, under, until, up, upon, with, within, without, etc.
9. Determiner (Kata Sandang)
Determiner tidak mempunyai arti akan tetapi mendeskripsikan noun examples: a, an, the.
10. Interjection (Kata Seru)
Interjeksi mengungkapkan semua perasaan dan maksud seseorang, maka kata seru sebenarnya bukanlah kata tetapi semacam kalimat.
No comments:
Post a Comment